s49 磁盘存储文件系统管理详解

#新添加一块10G磁盘[root@centos8 ~]# scandisk[root@centos8 ~]# alias scandiskalias scandisk='echo '\''- - -'\'' > /sys/class/scsi_host/host0/scan;echo '\''- - -'\'' > /sys/class/scsi_host/host1/scan;echo '\''- - -'\'' > /sys/class/scsi_host/host2/scan'[root@centos8 ~]# lsblkNAME    MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTsda       8:0    0  200G  0 disk ├─sda1    8:1    0    1G  0 part /boot├─sda2    8:2    0  100G  0 part /├─sda3    8:3    0   50G  0 part /data├─sda4    8:4    0    1K  0 part └─sda5    8:5    0    4G  0 part sdb       8:16   0   20G  0 disk ├─sdb1    8:17   0    1G  0 part /mnt/sdb1├─sdb2    8:18   0    2G  0 part ├─sdb3    8:19   0    1K  0 part └─sdb5    8:21   0    3G  0 part sdc       8:32   0   10G  0 disk ├─sdc1    8:33   0    1G  0 part └─sdc2    8:34   0    2G  0 part sdd       8:48   0   10G  0 disk #这个是新添加的磁盘sr0      11:0    1  7.7G  0 rom  nvme0n1 259:0    0    5G  0 disk [root@centos8 ~]# fdisk /dev/sddWelcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.32.1).Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.Be careful before using the write command.Device does not contain a recognized partition table.Created a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x0712eaa0.Command (m for help): nPartition type   p   primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)   e   extended (container for logical partitions)Select (default p): pPartition number (1-4, default 1): First sector (2048-20971519, default 2048): Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (2048-20971519, default 20971519): +2GCreated a new partition 1 of type 'Linux' and of size 2 GiB.Command (m for help): pDisk /dev/sdd: 10 GiB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectorsUnits: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytesSector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytesI/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytesDisklabel type: dosDisk identifier: 0x0712eaa0Device     Boot Start     End Sectors Size Id Type/dev/sdd1        2048 4196351 4194304   2G 83 LinuxCommand (m for help): wThe partition table has been altered.Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.Syncing disks.[root@centos8 ~]# lsblkNAME    MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTsda       8:0    0  200G  0 disk ├─sda1    8:1    0    1G  0 part /boot├─sda2    8:2    0  100G  0 part /├─sda3    8:3    0   50G  0 part /data├─sda4    8:4    0    1K  0 part └─sda5    8:5    0    4G  0 part sdb       8:16   0   20G  0 disk ├─sdb1    8:17   0    1G  0 part /mnt/sdb1├─sdb2    8:18   0    2G  0 part ├─sdb3    8:19   0    1K  0 part └─sdb5    8:21   0    3G  0 part sdc       8:32   0   10G  0 disk ├─sdc1    8:33   0    1G  0 part └─sdc2    8:34   0    2G  0 part sdd       8:48   0   10G  0 disk └─sdd1    8:49   0    2G  0 part #新建的分区sr0      11:0    1  7.7G  0 rom  nvme0n1 259:0    0    5G  0 disk [root@centos8 ~]# mkfs.ext4 -b 2048 -m 1 -L TEST /dev/sdd1#-b 2048 块大小为2048byte   -m 1  预留1%  -L TEST  卷标名为TESTmke2fs 1.45.4 (23-Sep-2019)Creating filesystem with 1048576 2k blocks and 131072 inodesFilesystem UUID: 0f8a2804-a927-4cde-9d3c-8066d7148386Superblock backups stored on blocks: 16384, 49152, 81920, 114688, 147456, 409600, 442368, 802816Allocating group tables: done                            Writing inode tables: done                            Creating journal (16384 blocks): doneWriting superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done [root@centos8 ~]# tune2fs -l /dev/sdd1tune2fs 1.45.4 (23-Sep-2019)Filesystem volume name:   TEST#卷标名为TEST。Last mounted on:          <not available>Filesystem UUID:          0f8a2804-a927-4cde-9d3c-8066d7148386Filesystem magic number:  0xEF53Filesystem revision #:    1 (dynamic)Filesystem features:      has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype extent 64bit flex_bg sparse_super large_file huge_file dir_nlink extra_isize metadata_csumFilesystem flags:         signed_directory_hash Default mount options:    user_xattr acl#centos8 ext4文件系统，默认就有acl功能，不需要单独设置Filesystem state:         cleanErrors behavior:          ContinueFilesystem OS type:       LinuxInode count:              131072Block count:              1048576Reserved block count:     10485#预留块大小Free blocks:              1011035Free inodes:              131061First block:              0Block size:               2048#块大小为2048。Fragment size:            2048Group descriptor size:    64Reserved GDT blocks:      512Blocks per group:         16384Fragments per group:      16384Inodes per group:         2048Inode blocks per group:   256Flex block group size:    16Filesystem created:       Thu Dec  3 22:58:44 2020Last mount time:          n/aLast write time:          Thu Dec  3 22:58:44 2020Mount count:              0Maximum mount count:      -1Last checked:             Thu Dec  3 22:58:44 2020Check interval:           0 (<none>)Lifetime writes:          1058 kBReserved blocks uid:      0 (user root)#预留给谁使用，root。Reserved blocks gid:      0 (group root)First inode:              11Inode size:          256Required extra isize:     32Desired extra isize:      32Journal inode:            8Default directory hash:   half_md4Directory Hash Seed:      c99589a0-f6eb-4dd6-a178-b4113c273353Journal backup:           inode blocksChecksum type:            crc32cChecksum:                 0xc13d6cca[root@centos8 ~]# mkdir /test#创建挂载目录[root@centos8 ~]# blkid /dev/sdd1#查看UUID和文件系统类型/dev/sdd1: LABEL="TEST" UUID="0f8a2804-a927-4cde-9d3c-8066d7148386" TYPE="ext4" PARTUUID="0712eaa0-01"[root@centos8 ~]# vim /etc/fstab#添加下面行UUID=0f8a2804-a927-4cde-9d3c-8066d7148386 /test                   ext4   defaults         0  0 :wq[root@centos8 ~]# mount -a#自动挂载[root@centos8 ~]# mount sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime)proc on /proc type proc (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime)devtmpfs on /dev type devtmpfs (rw,nosuid,size=905164k,nr_inodes=226291,mode=755)securityfs on /sys/kernel/security type securityfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime)tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev)devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,nosuid,noexec,relatime,gid=5,mode=620,ptmxmode=000)tmpfs on /run type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,mode=755)tmpfs on /sys/fs/cgroup type tmpfs (ro,nosuid,nodev,noexec,mode=755)cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/systemd type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,xattr,release_agent=/usr/lib/systemd/systemd-cgroups-agent,name=systemd)pstore on /sys/fs/pstore type pstore (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime)bpf on /sys/fs/bpf type bpf (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,mode=700)cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/net_cls,net_prio type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,net_cls,net_prio)cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/cpu,cpuacct type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,cpu,cpuacct)cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/freezer type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,freezer)cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/pids type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,pids)cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,cpuset)cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/perf_event type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,perf_event)cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/rdma type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,rdma)cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/memory type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,memory)cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/devices type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,devices)cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/hugetlb type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,hugetlb)cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/blkio type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,blkio)configfs on /sys/kernel/config type configfs (rw,relatime)/dev/sda2 on / type xfs (rw,relatime,attr2,inode64,noquota)systemd-1 on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type autofs (rw,relatime,fd=34,pgrp=1,timeout=0,minproto=5,maxproto=5,direct,pipe_ino=23440)hugetlbfs on /dev/hugepages type hugetlbfs (rw,relatime,pagesize=2M)debugfs on /sys/kernel/debug type debugfs (rw,relatime)mqueue on /dev/mqueue type mqueue (rw,relatime)/dev/sda3 on /data type xfs (rw,relatime,attr2,inode64,noquota)/dev/sda1 on /boot type ext4 (rw,relatime)tmpfs on /run/user/0 type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime,size=184384k,mode=700)/dev/sdb1 on /mnt/sdb1 type ext4 (rw,noatime,nodiratime)/dev/sdd1 on /test type ext4 (rw,relatime)#已经挂载[root@centos8 ~]# lsblkNAME    MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTsda       8:0    0  200G  0 disk ├─sda1    8:1    0    1G  0 part /boot├─sda2    8:2    0  100G  0 part /├─sda3    8:3    0   50G  0 part /data├─sda4    8:4    0    1K  0 part └─sda5    8:5    0    4G  0 part sdb       8:16   0   20G  0 disk ├─sdb1    8:17   0    1G  0 part /mnt/sdb1├─sdb2    8:18   0    2G  0 part ├─sdb3    8:19   0    1K  0 part └─sdb5    8:21   0    3G  0 part sdc       8:32   0   10G  0 disk ├─sdc1    8:33   0    1G  0 part └─sdc2    8:34   0    2G  0 part sdd       8:48   0   10G  0 disk └─sdd1    8:49   0    2G  0 part /test#已经挂载sr0      11:0    1  7.7G  0 rom  nvme0n1 259:0    0    5G  0 disk [root@centos8 ~]# dfFilesystem     1K-blocks    Used Available Use% Mounted ondevtmpfs          905164       0    905164   0% /devtmpfs             921932       0    921932   0% /dev/shmtmpfs             921932    8940    912992   1% /runtmpfs             921932       0    921932   0% /sys/fs/cgroup/dev/sda2      104806400 2152664 102653736   3% //dev/sda3       52403200  398448  52004752   1% /data/dev/sda1         999320  137644    792864  15% /boottmpfs             184384       0    184384   0% /run/user/0/dev/sdb1        1031836    2821    972491   1% /mnt/sdb1/dev/sdd1        2031306    9236   1992908   1% /test#已经挂载

[root@centos8 ~]# vim disk_used.sh #!/bin/bash##**********************************************************************************************#Author:        Raymond#QQ:            88563128#Date:          2020-12-04#FileName:      disk_used.sh#URL:           raymond.blog.csdn.net#Description:   The test script#Copyright (C): 2021 All rights reserved#*********************************************************************************************disk=`lsblk | sed -nr 's/(^sd[[:lower:]]).*/\1/p'`disk_num=`lsblk | sed -nr 's/(^sd[[:lower:]]).*/\1/p'| wc -l`disk_end=`lsblk | sed -nr 's/(^sd[[:lower:]]).*/\1/p' | sed -n '$p'`if [ $disk_num -eq 1 ];thendf | grep "/dev/$disk"elsedf | grep "/dev/$disk_end"fi:wq[root@centos8 ~]# bash disk_used.sh /dev/sda2      104806400 4868684  99937716   5% //dev/sda3       52403200  398400  52004800   1% /data/dev/sda1         999320  192580    737928  21% /boot#添加两块硬盘[root@centos8 ~]# lsblkNAME   MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTsda      8:0    0  200G  0 disk ├─sda1   8:1    0    1G  0 part /boot├─sda2   8:2    0  100G  0 part /├─sda3   8:3    0   50G  0 part /data├─sda4   8:4    0    1K  0 part └─sda5   8:5    0    4G  0 part [SWAP]sdb      8:16   0    5G  0 disk sdc      8:32   0    5G  0 disk sr0     11:0    1  7.7G  0 rom  [root@centos8 ~]# fdisk /dev/sdbWelcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.32.1).Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.Be careful before using the write command.Device does not contain a recognized partition table.Created a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x2e83806e.Command (m for help): nPartition type   p   primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)   e   extended (container for logical partitions)Select (default p): pPartition number (1-4, default 1): First sector (2048-10485759, default 2048): Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (2048-10485759, default 10485759): +2GCreated a new partition 1 of type 'Linux' and of size 2 GiB.Command (m for help): pDisk /dev/sdb: 5 GiB, 5368709120 bytes, 10485760 sectorsUnits: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytesSector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytesI/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytesDisklabel type: dosDisk identifier: 0x2e83806eDevice     Boot Start     End Sectors Size Id Type/dev/sdb1        2048 4196351 4194304   2G 83 LinuxCommand (m for help): nPartition type   p   primary (1 primary, 0 extended, 3 free)   e   extended (container for logical partitions)Select (default p): pPartition number (2-4, default 2): First sector (4196352-10485759, default 4196352): Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (4196352-10485759, default 10485759): Created a new partition 2 of type 'Linux' and of size 3 GiB.Command (m for help): pDisk /dev/sdb: 5 GiB, 5368709120 bytes, 10485760 sectorsUnits: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytesSector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytesI/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytesDisklabel type: dosDisk identifier: 0x2e83806eDevice     Boot   Start      End Sectors Size Id Type/dev/sdb1          2048  4196351 4194304   2G 83 Linux/dev/sdb2       4196352 10485759 6289408   3G 83 LinuxCommand (m for help): wThe partition table has been altered.Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.Syncing disks.[root@centos8 ~]# lsblkNAME   MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTsda      8:0    0  200G  0 disk ├─sda1   8:1    0    1G  0 part /boot├─sda2   8:2    0  100G  0 part /├─sda3   8:3    0   50G  0 part /data├─sda4   8:4    0    1K  0 part └─sda5   8:5    0    4G  0 part [SWAP]sdb      8:16   0    5G  0 disk ├─sdb1   8:17   0    2G  0 part └─sdb2   8:18   0    3G  0 part sdc      8:32   0    5G  0 disk sr0     11:0    1  7.7G  0 rom  [root@centos8 ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1mke2fs 1.45.4 (23-Sep-2019)Creating filesystem with 524288 4k blocks and 131072 inodesFilesystem UUID: c520fbef-2726-4ab2-b54f-b654bd6c6a1fSuperblock backups stored on blocks: 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912Allocating group tables: done                            Writing inode tables: done                            Creating journal (16384 blocks): doneWriting superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done [root@centos8 ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb2mke2fs 1.45.4 (23-Sep-2019)Creating filesystem with 786176 4k blocks and 196608 inodesFilesystem UUID: b5efe116-aec1-41e7-80a2-3791b3ee5669Superblock backups stored on blocks: 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912Allocating group tables: done                            Writing inode tables: done                            Creating journal (16384 blocks): doneWriting superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done [root@centos8 ~]# mkdir /mnt/sdb{1,2}[root@centos8 ~]# mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt/sdb1[root@centos8 ~]# mount /dev/sdb2 /mnt/sdb2[root@centos8 ~]# dfFilesystem     1K-blocks    Used Available Use% Mounted ondevtmpfs          893740       0    893740   0% /devtmpfs             921916       0    921916   0% /dev/shmtmpfs             921916    9528    912388   2% /runtmpfs             921916       0    921916   0% /sys/fs/cgroup/dev/sda2      104806400 4868932  99937468   5% //dev/sda3       52403200  398400  52004800   1% /data/dev/sda1         999320  192580    737928  21% /boottmpfs             184380    1168    183212   1% /run/user/42tmpfs             184380       4    184376   1% /run/user/0/dev/sdb1        1998672    6144   1871288   1% /mnt/sdb1/dev/sdb2        3029776    9216   2846944   1% /mnt/sdb2[root@centos8 ~]# lsblkNAME   MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTsda      8:0    0  200G  0 disk ├─sda1   8:1    0    1G  0 part /boot├─sda2   8:2    0  100G  0 part /├─sda3   8:3    0   50G  0 part /data├─sda4   8:4    0    1K  0 part └─sda5   8:5    0    4G  0 part [SWAP]sdb      8:16   0    5G  0 disk ├─sdb1   8:17   0    2G  0 part /mnt/sdb1└─sdb2   8:18   0    3G  0 part /mnt/sdb2sdc      8:32   0    5G  0 disk sr0     11:0    1  7.7G  0 rom  [root@centos8 ~]# fdisk /dev/sdcWelcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.32.1).Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.Be careful before using the write command.Device does not contain a recognized partition table.Created a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x2885d32c.Command (m for help): nPartition type   p   primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)   e   extended (container for logical partitions)Select (default p): pPartition number (1-4, default 1): First sector (2048-10485759, default 2048): Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (2048-10485759, default 10485759): +3GCreated a new partition 1 of type 'Linux' and of size 3 GiB.Command (m for help): pDisk /dev/sdc: 5 GiB, 5368709120 bytes, 10485760 sectorsUnits: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytesSector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytesI/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytesDisklabel type: dosDisk identifier: 0x2885d32cDevice     Boot Start     End Sectors Size Id Type/dev/sdc1        2048 6293503 6291456   3G 83 LinuxCommand (m for help): nPartition type   p   primary (1 primary, 0 extended, 3 free)   e   extended (container for logical partitions)Select (default p): pPartition number (2-4, default 2): First sector (6293504-10485759, default 6293504): Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (6293504-10485759, default 10485759): Created a new partition 2 of type 'Linux' and of size 2 GiB.Command (m for help): pDisk /dev/sdc: 5 GiB, 5368709120 bytes, 10485760 sectorsUnits: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytesSector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytesI/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytesDisklabel type: dosDisk identifier: 0x2885d32cDevice     Boot   Start      End Sectors Size Id Type/dev/sdc1          2048  6293503 6291456   3G 83 Linux/dev/sdc2       6293504 10485759 4192256   2G 83 LinuxCommand (m for help): wThe partition table has been altered.Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.Syncing disks.[root@centos8 ~]# lsblkNAME   MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTsda      8:0    0  200G  0 disk ├─sda1   8:1    0    1G  0 part /boot├─sda2   8:2    0  100G  0 part /├─sda3   8:3    0   50G  0 part /data├─sda4   8:4    0    1K  0 part └─sda5   8:5    0    4G  0 part [SWAP]sdb      8:16   0    5G  0 disk ├─sdb1   8:17   0    2G  0 part /mnt/sdb1└─sdb2   8:18   0    3G  0 part /mnt/sdb2sdc      8:32   0    5G  0 disk ├─sdc1   8:33   0    3G  0 part └─sdc2   8:34   0    2G  0 part sr0     11:0    1  7.7G  0 rom  [root@centos8 ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdc1mke2fs 1.45.4 (23-Sep-2019)Creating filesystem with 786432 4k blocks and 196608 inodesFilesystem UUID: e4eac13f-f7aa-4cb1-9c72-d492f16231b9Superblock backups stored on blocks: 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912Allocating group tables: done                            Writing inode tables: done                            Creating journal (16384 blocks): doneWriting superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done [root@centos8 ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdc2mke2fs 1.45.4 (23-Sep-2019)Creating filesystem with 524032 4k blocks and 131072 inodesFilesystem UUID: 91996752-51a6-42c3-9398-fdc9c58aa39fSuperblock backups stored on blocks: 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912Allocating group tables: done                            Writing inode tables: done                            Creating journal (8192 blocks): doneWriting superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done [root@centos8 ~]# mkdir /mnt/sdc{1,2}[root@centos8 ~]# mount /dev/sdc1 /mnt/sdc1[root@centos8 ~]# mount /dev/sdc2 /mnt/sdc2[root@centos8 ~]# dfFilesystem     1K-blocks    Used Available Use% Mounted ondevtmpfs          893740       0    893740   0% /devtmpfs             921916       0    921916   0% /dev/shmtmpfs             921916    9536    912380   2% /runtmpfs             921916       0    921916   0% /sys/fs/cgroup/dev/sda2      104806400 4868932  99937468   5% //dev/sda3       52403200  398400  52004800   1% /data/dev/sda1         999320  192580    737928  21% /boottmpfs             184380    1168    183212   1% /run/user/42tmpfs             184380       4    184376   1% /run/user/0/dev/sdb1        1998672    6144   1871288   1% /mnt/sdb1/dev/sdb2        3029776    9216   2846944   1% /mnt/sdb2/dev/sdc1        3030800    9216   2847916   1% /mnt/sdc1/dev/sdc2        2030416    6144   1903084   1% /mnt/sdc2[root@centos8 ~]# bash disk_used.sh /dev/sdc1        3030800    9216   2847916   1% /mnt/sdc1/dev/sdc2        2030416    6144   1903084   1% /mnt/sdc2

[root@centos6 ~]# mkdir /mnt/iso#创建复制DVD1和DVD2的目录[root@centos6 ~]# mkdir /mnt/dvd1#创建挂载DVD1的目录[root@centos6 ~]# mkdir /mnt/dvd2#创建挂载DVD2的目录[root@centos6 ~]# mount /dev/sr0 /mnt/dvd1#挂载DVD1mount: block device /dev/sr0 is write-protected, mounting read-only[root@centos6 ~]# mount /dev/sr1 /mnt/dvd2#挂载DVD2mount: block device /dev/sr1 is write-protected, mounting read-only[root@centos6 ~]# dfFilesystem     1K-blocks    Used Available Use% Mounted on/dev/sda2      100902304  853756  94916260   1% /tmpfs             501508       0    501508   0% /dev/shm/dev/sda1         999320   30712    916180   4% /boot/dev/sda3       51475068   53064  48800564   1% /data/dev/sr0         3897932 3897932         0 100% /mnt/dvd1/dev/sr1         2136278 2136278         0 100% /mnt/dvd2[root@centos6 ~]# ls /mnt/dvd1CentOS_BuildTag  images                    repodata                       RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Testing-6EFI              isolinux                  RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-6           TRANS.TBLEULA             Packages                  RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Debug-6GPL              RELEASE-NOTES-en-US.html  RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Security-6[root@centos6 ~]# ls /mnt/dvd2CentOS_BuildTag  Packages              RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Debug-6     RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Testing-6EULA             RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-6  RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Security-6  TRANS.TBL[root@centos6 ~]# cp  -av  /mnt/dvd1/*  /mnt/iso#把DVD1复制到/mnt/iso目录[root@centos6 ~]# cp  -v  /mnt/dvd2/Packages/*.rpm  /mnt/iso/Packages/#复制DVD2到/mnt/iso#合并TRANS.TBL#将DVD2中TRANS.TBL的信息追加到DVD1中TRANS.TBL后面, 并排序保存 [root@centos6 ~]# cat  /mnt/dvd2/Packages/TRANS.TBL  >>  /mnt/iso/Packages/TRANS.TBL [root@centos6 ~]# mv  /mnt/iso/Packages/{TRANS.TBL,TRANS.TBL.BAK} [root@centos6 ~]# sort  /mnt/iso/Packages/TRANS.TBL.BAK  >  /mnt/iso/Packages/TRANS.TBL[root@centos6 ~]# rm  -rf  /mnt/iso/Packages/TRANS.TBL.BAK#/mnt/iso已经是合并后的文件了[root@centos6 ~]# du -sh /mnt/iso5.9G/mnt/iso[root@centos6 ~]# mkdir /data/iso#创建iso文件目录[root@centos6 ~]# yum -y install mkisofs#安装创建ISO文件工具[root@centos6 ~]# mkisofs  -l  -J  -L  -r  -V  "CentOS-6.10-x86_64-Everything"  -o  /data/iso/CentOS-6.10-x86_64-Everything.iso  /mnt/iso#创建ISO文件[root@centos6 ~]# ll -h /data/isototal 5.8G-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 5.8G Dec  4 01:38 CentOS-6.10-x86_64-Everything.iso

#关机移除新添加的光驱，把/dev/sr0挂载成CentOS-6.10-x86_64-Everything.iso[root@centos6 ~]# yum -y install autofs#安装自动挂载光盘工具[root@centos6 ~]# service autofs start;chkconfig autofs on#启动autofs服务，并开机启动Loading autofs4:                                           [  OK  ]Starting automount:                                        [  OK  ][root@centos6 ~]# ls /misc[root@centos6 ~]# ls /misc/cdCentOS_BuildTag  images      RELEASE-NOTES-en-US.html    RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Security-6EFI              isolinux    repodata                    RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Testing-6EULA             lost+found  RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-6        TRANS.TBLGPL              Packages    RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Debug-6[root@centos6 ~]# vim /etc/yum.repos.d/test.repo #设置光盘镜像本地源[base]name=basebaseurl=file:///misc/cdcheckgpg=0    :wq[root@centos6 ~]# yum repolistLoaded plugins: fastestmirrorLoading mirror speeds from cached hostfilebase                                                                                | 4.0 kB     00:00 ... repo id                                             repo name                                        statusbase                                                base                                             6,713repolist: 6,713

#先设置光驱加载CentOS-6.10-x86_64-bin-DVD1.iso[root@centos6 ~]# lsblkNAME   MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTsr0     11:0    1  3.7G  0 rom  sda      8:0    0  200G  0 disk ├─sda1   8:1    0    1G  0 part /boot├─sda2   8:2    0 97.7G  0 part /├─sda3   8:3    0 48.8G  0 part /data├─sda4   8:4    0    1K  0 part └─sda5   8:5    0    2G  0 part [SWAP][root@centos6 ~]# dd if=/dev/sr0 bs=1M of=CentOS-6.10-x86_64-Everything.iso3807+0 records in3807+0 records out3991928832 bytes (4.0 GB) copied, 271.833 s, 14.7 MB/s[root@centos6 ~]# ll CentOS-6.10-x86_64-Everything.iso -h-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 3.8G Dec  4 18:50 CentOS-6.10-x86_64-Everything.iso#把光驱断开连接，设置光驱加载CentOS-6.10-x86_64-bin-DVD2.iso，再连接光驱[root@centos6 ~]# lsblkNAME   MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTsr0     11:0    1    2G  0 rom  sda      8:0    0  200G  0 disk ├─sda1   8:1    0    1G  0 part /boot├─sda2   8:2    0 97.7G  0 part /├─sda3   8:3    0 48.8G  0 part /data├─sda4   8:4    0    1K  0 part └─sda5   8:5    0    2G  0 part [SWAP][root@centos6 ~]# dd if=/dev/sr0 ibs=1k skip=32 of=CentOS-6.10-x86_64-Everything.iso obs=1M seek=3788#skip=32参考的ISO9660文件头，seek=3788，跳过上个镜像的大小。2136246+0 records in2086+1 records out2187515904 bytes (2.2 GB) copied, 154.047 s, 14.2 MB/s[root@centos6 ~]# ll -h CentOS-6.10-x86_64-Everything.iso -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 5.8G Dec  4 18:56 CentOS-6.10-x86_64-Everything.iso

#把光驱断开连接，设置CentOS-6.10-x86_64-Everything.iso,再连接光驱[root@centos6 ~]# lsblkNAME   MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTsr0     11:0    1  5.8G  0 rom  sda      8:0    0  200G  0 disk ├─sda1   8:1    0    1G  0 part /boot├─sda2   8:2    0 97.7G  0 part /├─sda3   8:3    0 48.8G  0 part /data├─sda4   8:4    0    1K  0 part └─sda5   8:5    0    2G  0 part [SWAP][root@centos6 ~]# yum -y install autofs#安装自动挂载光盘工具[root@centos6 ~]# service autofs start;chkconfig autofs on#启动autofs服务，并开机启动Loading autofs4:                                           [  OK  ]Starting automount:                                        [  OK  ][root@centos6 ~]# ls /misc[root@centos6 ~]# ls /misc/cdCentOS_BuildTag  images      RELEASE-NOTES-en-US.html    RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Security-6EFI              isolinux    repodata                    RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Testing-6EULA             lost+found  RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-6        TRANS.TBLGPL              Packages    RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Debug-6[root@centos6 ~]# vim /etc/yum.repos.d/test.repo #设置光盘镜像本地源[base]name=basebaseurl=file:///misc/cdcheckgpg=0    :wq[root@centos6 ~]# yum repolistLoaded plugins: fastestmirrorLoading mirror speeds from cached hostfilebase                                                                                | 4.0 kB     00:00 ... repo id                                             repo name                                        statusbase                                                base                                             6,713repolist: 6,713

[root@centos8 ~]# scandisk[root@centos8 ~]# lsblkNAME   MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTsda      8:0    0  200G  0 disk ├─sda1   8:1    0    1G  0 part /boot├─sda2   8:2    0  100G  0 part /├─sda3   8:3    0   50G  0 part /data├─sda4   8:4    0    1K  0 part └─sda5   8:5    0    4G  0 part [SWAP]sdb      8:16   0    1G  0 disk sdc      8:32   0    1G  0 disk sdd      8:48   0    1G  0 disk sr0     11:0    1  7.7G  0 rom #添加三块新硬盘/dev/sdb、/dev/sdc和/dev/sdd[root@centos8 ~]# dnf -y install mdadm[root@centos8 ~]#  mdadm -C /dev/md0 -a yes -l 1 -n 2 -x 1 /dev/sd{b,c,d}mdadm: Note: this array has metadata at the start and    may not be suitable as a boot device.  If you plan to    store '/boot' on this device please ensure that    your boot-loader understands md/v1.x metadata, or use    --metadata=0.90Continue creating array? (y/n) ymdadm: Defaulting to version 1.2 metadatamdadm: array /dev/md0 started.[root@centos8 ~]# lsblkNAME   MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE  MOUNTPOINTsda      8:0    0  200G  0 disk  ├─sda1   8:1    0    1G  0 part  /boot├─sda2   8:2    0  100G  0 part  /├─sda3   8:3    0   50G  0 part  /data├─sda4   8:4    0    1K  0 part  └─sda5   8:5    0    4G  0 part  [SWAP]sdb      8:16   0    1G  0 disk  └─md0    9:0    0 1022M  0 raid1 sdc      8:32   0    1G  0 disk  └─md0    9:0    0 1022M  0 raid1 sdd      8:48   0    1G  0 disk  └─md0    9:0    0 1022M  0 raid1 sr0     11:0    1  7.7G  0 rom  [root@centos8 ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/md0mke2fs 1.45.4 (23-Sep-2019)Creating filesystem with 261632 4k blocks and 65408 inodesFilesystem UUID: 5540936f-bfe4-46ff-8fbb-88e071f5499aSuperblock backups stored on blocks: 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376Allocating group tables: done                            Writing inode tables: done                            Creating journal (4096 blocks): doneWriting superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done[root@centos8 ~]# tune2fs -l /dev/md0tune2fs 1.45.4 (23-Sep-2019)Filesystem volume name:   <none>Last mounted on:          <not available>Filesystem UUID:          5540936f-bfe4-46ff-8fbb-88e071f5499aFilesystem magic number:  0xEF53Filesystem revision #:    1 (dynamic)Filesystem features:      has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype extent 64bit flex_bg sparse_super large_file huge_file dir_nlink extra_isize metadata_csumFilesystem flags:         signed_directory_hash Default mount options:    user_xattr aclFilesystem state:         cleanErrors behavior:          ContinueFilesystem OS type:       LinuxInode count:              65408Block count:              261632Reserved block count:     13081Free blocks:              252781Free inodes:              65397First block:              0Block size:               4096Fragment size:            4096Group descriptor size:    64Reserved GDT blocks:      127Blocks per group:         32768Fragments per group:      32768Inodes per group:         8176Inode blocks per group:   511Flex block group size:    16Filesystem created:       Fri Dec  4 16:56:44 2020Last mount time:          n/aLast write time:          Fri Dec  4 16:56:44 2020Mount count:              0Maximum mount count:      -1Last checked:             Fri Dec  4 16:56:44 2020Check interval:           0 (<none>)Lifetime writes:          533 kBReserved blocks uid:      0 (user root)Reserved blocks gid:      0 (group root)First inode:              11Inode size:          256Required extra isize:     32Desired extra isize:      32Journal inode:            8Default directory hash:   half_md4Directory Hash Seed:      d8599d77-afd5-4e2f-80c6-f206e7dc2babJournal backup:           inode blocksChecksum type:            crc32cChecksum:                 0x066b1a44[root@centos8 ~]# mkdir /backup[root@centos8 ~]# blkid /dev/md0/dev/md0: UUID="5540936f-bfe4-46ff-8fbb-88e071f5499a" TYPE="ext4"[root@centos8 ~]# vim /etc/fstab#添加下面内容UUID=5540936f-bfe4-46ff-8fbb-88e071f5499a /backup                 ext4    defaults        0 0  :wq[root@centos8 ~]# mount -a[root@centos8 ~]# df -hFilesystem      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted ondevtmpfs        884M     0  884M   0% /devtmpfs           901M     0  901M   0% /dev/shmtmpfs           901M  8.7M  892M   1% /runtmpfs           901M     0  901M   0% /sys/fs/cgroup/dev/sda2       100G  2.1G   98G   3% //dev/sda3        50G  390M   50G   1% /data/dev/sda1       976M  135M  775M  15% /boottmpfs           181M     0  181M   0% /run/user/0/dev/md0        990M  2.6M  921M   1% /backup[root@centos8 ~]# reboot[root@centos8 ~]# df -hFilesystem      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted ondevtmpfs        884M     0  884M   0% /devtmpfs           901M     0  901M   0% /dev/shmtmpfs           901M  8.7M  892M   1% /runtmpfs           901M     0  901M   0% /sys/fs/cgroup/dev/sda2       100G  2.1G   98G   3% //dev/sda3        50G  390M   50G   1% /data/dev/sda1       976M  135M  775M  15% /boot/dev/md0        990M  2.6M  921M   1% /backuptmpfs           181M     0  181M   0% /run/user/0[root@centos8 ~]# lsblkNAME   MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE  MOUNTPOINTsda      8:0    0  200G  0 disk  ├─sda1   8:1    0    1G  0 part  /boot├─sda2   8:2    0  100G  0 part  /├─sda3   8:3    0   50G  0 part  /data├─sda4   8:4    0    1K  0 part  └─sda5   8:5    0    4G  0 part  [SWAP]sdb      8:16   0    1G  0 disk  └─md0    9:0    0 1022M  0 raid1 /backupsdc      8:32   0    1G  0 disk  └─md0    9:0    0 1022M  0 raid1 /backupsdd      8:48   0    1G  0 disk  └─md0    9:0    0 1022M  0 raid1 /backupsr0     11:0    1  7.7G  0 rom   

[root@centos8 ~]# scandisk[root@centos8 ~]# lsblkNAME   MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTsda      8:0    0  200G  0 disk ├─sda1   8:1    0    1G  0 part /boot├─sda2   8:2    0  100G  0 part /├─sda3   8:3    0   50G  0 part /data├─sda4   8:4    0    1K  0 part └─sda5   8:5    0    4G  0 part [SWAP]sdb      8:16   0    1G  0 disk sdc      8:32   0    1G  0 disk sdd      8:48   0    1G  0 disk sr0     11:0    1  7.7G  0 rom #添加三块新硬盘/dev/sdb、/dev/sdc和/dev/sdd[root@centos8 ~]# dnf -y install mdadm[root@centos8 ~]# mdadm -C /dev/md1 -a yes -l 5 -n 3 -c 256 /dev/sd{b,c,d}mdadm: Defaulting to version 1.2 metadatamdadm: array /dev/md1 started.[root@centos8 ~]# lsblkNAME   MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE  MOUNTPOINTsda      8:0    0  200G  0 disk  ├─sda1   8:1    0    1G  0 part  /boot├─sda2   8:2    0  100G  0 part  /├─sda3   8:3    0   50G  0 part  /data├─sda4   8:4    0    1K  0 part  └─sda5   8:5    0    4G  0 part  [SWAP]sdb      8:16   0    1G  0 disk  └─md1    9:1    0    2G  0 raid5 sdc      8:32   0    1G  0 disk  └─md1    9:1    0    2G  0 raid5 sdd      8:48   0    1G  0 disk  └─md1    9:1    0    2G  0 raid5 sr0     11:0    1  7.7G  0 rom  [root@centos8 ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/md1mke2fs 1.45.4 (23-Sep-2019)Creating filesystem with 523264 4k blocks and 130816 inodesFilesystem UUID: d4447cca-1a84-44c3-b3f6-9a7956091233Superblock backups stored on blocks: 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912Allocating group tables: done                            Writing inode tables: done                            Creating journal (8192 blocks): doneWriting superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done [root@centos8 ~]# tune2fs -l /dev/md1tune2fs 1.45.4 (23-Sep-2019)Filesystem volume name:   <none>Last mounted on:          <not available>Filesystem UUID:          d4447cca-1a84-44c3-b3f6-9a7956091233Filesystem magic number:  0xEF53Filesystem revision #:    1 (dynamic)Filesystem features:      has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype extent 64bit flex_bg sparse_super large_file huge_file dir_nlink extra_isize metadata_csumFilesystem flags:         signed_directory_hash Default mount options:    user_xattr aclFilesystem state:         cleanErrors behavior:          ContinueFilesystem OS type:       LinuxInode count:              130816Block count:              523264Reserved block count:     26163Free blocks:              505316Free inodes:              130805First block:              0Block size:               4096Fragment size:            4096Group descriptor size:    64Reserved GDT blocks:      255Blocks per group:         32768Fragments per group:      32768Inodes per group:         8176Inode blocks per group:   511RAID stride:              64RAID stripe width:        128Flex block group size:    16Filesystem created:       Fri Dec  4 17:24:39 2020Last mount time:          n/aLast write time:          Fri Dec  4 17:24:40 2020Mount count:              0Maximum mount count:      -1Last checked:             Fri Dec  4 17:24:39 2020Check interval:           0 (<none>)Lifetime writes:          1045 kBReserved blocks uid:      0 (user root)Reserved blocks gid:      0 (group root)First inode:              11Inode size:          256Required extra isize:     32Desired extra isize:      32Journal inode:            8Default directory hash:   half_md4Directory Hash Seed:      f959b864-fcb7-4eb0-8088-f04be25671fdJournal backup:           inode blocksChecksum type:            crc32cChecksum:                 0x7e59f1b1[root@centos8 ~]# mkdir /mydata[root@centos8 ~]# blkid /dev/md1/dev/md1: UUID="d4447cca-1a84-44c3-b3f6-9a7956091233" TYPE="ext4"[root@centos8 ~]# vim /etc/fstab#添加下面内容UUID=d4447cca-1a84-44c3-b3f6-9a7956091233 /mydata                 ext4    defaults        0 0 :wq[root@centos8 ~]# mount -a[root@centos8 ~]# dfFilesystem     1K-blocks    Used Available Use% Mounted ondevtmpfs          905164       0    905164   0% /devtmpfs             921932       0    921932   0% /dev/shmtmpfs             921932    8900    913032   1% /runtmpfs             921932       0    921932   0% /sys/fs/cgroup/dev/sda2      104806400 2149500 102656900   3% //dev/sda3       52403200  398400  52004800   1% /data/dev/sda1         999320  137584    792924  15% /boottmpfs             184384       0    184384   0% /run/user/0/dev/md1         2027408    6144   1900228   1% /mydata[root@centos8 ~]# reboot[root@centos8 ~]# dfFilesystem     1K-blocks    Used Available Use% Mounted ondevtmpfs          905164       0    905164   0% /devtmpfs             921932       0    921932   0% /dev/shmtmpfs             921932    8908    913024   1% /runtmpfs             921932       0    921932   0% /sys/fs/cgroup/dev/sda2      104806400 2148524 102657876   3% //dev/sda3       52403200  398400  52004800   1% /data/dev/sda1         999320  137580    792928  15% /boot/dev/md1         2027408    6144   1900228   1% /mydatatmpfs             184384       0    184384   0% /run/user/0[root@centos8 ~]# lsblkNAME   MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE  MOUNTPOINTsda      8:0    0  200G  0 disk  ├─sda1   8:1    0    1G  0 part  /boot├─sda2   8:2    0  100G  0 part  /├─sda3   8:3    0   50G  0 part  /data├─sda4   8:4    0    1K  0 part  └─sda5   8:5    0    4G  0 part  [SWAP]sdb      8:16   0    1G  0 disk  └─md1    9:1    0    2G  0 raid5 /mydatasdc      8:32   0    1G  0 disk  └─md1    9:1    0    2G  0 raid5 /mydatasdd      8:48   0    1G  0 disk  └─md1    9:1    0    2G  0 raid5 /mydatasr0     11:0    1  7.7G  0 rom  

[root@centos8 ~]# scandisk[root@centos8 ~]# lsblkNAME   MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTsda      8:0    0  200G  0 disk ├─sda1   8:1    0    1G  0 part /boot├─sda2   8:2    0  100G  0 part /├─sda3   8:3    0   50G  0 part /data├─sda4   8:4    0    1K  0 part └─sda5   8:5    0    4G  0 part [SWAP]sdb      8:16   0   15G  0 disk sdc      8:32   0    5G  0 disk sr0     11:0    1  7.7G  0 rom #添加两块硬盘sdb、sdc[root@centos8 ~]# pvs /dev/sd{b,c}-bash: pvs: command not found[root@centos8 ~]# dnf -y install lvm2[root@centos8 ~]# pvs[root@centos8 ~]# vgs[root@centos8 ~]# lvs[root@centos8 ~]# pvcreate /dev/sd{b,c}#把两块硬盘加到物理卷  Physical volume "/dev/sdb" successfully created.  Physical volume "/dev/sdc" successfully created.[root@centos8 ~]# pvs  PV         VG Fmt  Attr PSize  PFree   /dev/sdb      lvm2 ---  15.00g 15.00g  /dev/sdc      lvm2 ---   5.00g  5.00g[root@centos8 ~]# vgcreate -s 16M testvg /dev/sd{b,c}#把 /dev/sdb和/dev/sdc加入到卷组，块大小为16M  Volume group "testvg" successfully created[root@centos8 ~]# vgs  VG     #PV #LV #SN Attr   VSize   VFree    testvg   2   0   0 wz--n- <19.97g <19.97g[root@centos8 ~]# pvs  PV         VG     Fmt  Attr PSize  PFree   /dev/sdb   testvg lvm2 a--  14.98g 14.98g  /dev/sdc   testvg lvm2 a--   4.98g  4.98g[root@centos8 ~]# vgdisplay   --- Volume group ---  VG Name               testvg  System ID               Format                lvm2  Metadata Areas        2  Metadata Sequence No  1  VG Access             read/write  VG Status             resizable  MAX LV                0  Cur LV                0  Open LV               0  Max PV                0  Cur PV                2  Act PV                2  VG Size               <19.97 GiB#卷组大小20G  PE Size               16.00 MiB#块大小为16M  Total PE              1278  Alloc PE / Size       0 / 0     Free  PE / Size       1278 / <19.97 GiB  VG UUID               ICjCEw-pbWT-0jUt-f4hV-lDOJ-YSSq-o3tq5U[root@centos8 ~]# lvcreate  -L 5G -n testlv testvg#创建逻辑卷testlv，大小5G  Logical volume "testlv" created.[root@centos8 ~]# lvs  LV     VG     Attr       LSize Pool Origin Data%  Meta%  Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert  testlv testvg -wi-a----- 5.00g  [root@centos8 ~]# lvdisplay  --- Logical volume ---  LV Path                /dev/testvg/testlv  LV Name                testlv  VG Name                testvg  LV UUID                aPZyRk-7n9N-P7ol-ZwJv-2LHI-aOm2-8tED5j  LV Write Access        read/write  LV Creation host, time centos8.neteagles.cn, 2020-12-06 19:54:00 +0800  LV Status              available  # open                 0  LV Size                5.00 GiB  Current LE             320  Segments               1  Allocation             inherit  Read ahead sectors     auto  - currently set to     8192  Block device           253:0[root@centos8 ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/testvg/testlv#创建逻辑卷文件系统mke2fs 1.45.4 (23-Sep-2019)Creating filesystem with 1310720 4k blocks and 327680 inodesFilesystem UUID: 81a7eb1b-72ae-4d5c-9d0f-44a3daa14610Superblock backups stored on blocks: 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736Allocating group tables: done                            Writing inode tables: done                            Creating journal (16384 blocks): doneWriting superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done [root@centos8 ~]# mkdir /users[root@centos8 ~]# mount /dev/testvg/testlv /users/#挂载逻辑卷[root@centos8 ~]# df -ThFilesystem                Type      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted ondevtmpfs                  devtmpfs  884M     0  884M   0% /devtmpfs                     tmpfs     901M     0  901M   0% /dev/shmtmpfs                     tmpfs     901M  8.7M  892M   1% /runtmpfs                     tmpfs     901M     0  901M   0% /sys/fs/cgroup/dev/sda2                 xfs       100G  2.1G   98G   3% //dev/sda3                 xfs        50G  390M   50G   1% /data/dev/sda1                 ext4      976M  135M  775M  15% /boottmpfs                     tmpfs     181M     0  181M   0% /run/user/0/dev/mapper/testvg-testlv ext4      4.9G   20M  4.6G   1% /users#已被挂载

[root@centos8 ~]# useradd -d /users/archlinux archlinux[root@centos8 ~]# getent passwd archlinuxarchlinux:x:1001:1001::/users/archlinux:/bin/bash[root@centos8 ~]# su archlinux[archlinux@centos8 root]$ cp -r /etc/pam.d ~[archlinux@centos8 root]$ ll -a /users/archlinux/total 28drwx------ 3 archlinux archlinux 4096 Dec  6 19:57 .drwxr-xr-x 4 root      root      4096 Dec  6 19:56 ..-rw------- 1 archlinux archlinux   93 Dec  6 19:57 .bash_history-rw-r--r-- 1 archlinux archlinux   18 Nov  9  2019 .bash_logout-rw-r--r-- 1 archlinux archlinux  141 Nov  9  2019 .bash_profile-rw-r--r-- 1 archlinux archlinux  312 Nov  9  2019 .bashrcdrwxr-xr-x 2 archlinux archlinux 4096 Dec  6 19:56 pam.d

[archlinux@centos8 root]$ exitexit[root@centos8 ~]# vgs  VG     #PV #LV #SN Attr   VSize   VFree    testvg   2   1   0 wz--n- <19.97g <14.97g#卷组可用空间为15G[root@centos8 ~]#  lvextend -r -L +2G /dev/testvg/testlv   Size of logical volume testvg/testlv changed from 5.00 GiB (320 extents) to 7.00 GiB (448 extents).  Logical volume testvg/testlv successfully resized.resize2fs 1.45.4 (23-Sep-2019)Filesystem at /dev/mapper/testvg-testlv is mounted on /users; on-line resizing requiredold_desc_blocks = 1, new_desc_blocks = 1The filesystem on /dev/mapper/testvg-testlv is now 1835008 (4k) blocks long.[root@centos8 ~]# lvs  LV     VG     Attr       LSize Pool Origin Data%  Meta%  Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert  testlv testvg -wi-ao---- 7.00g                                                    [root@centos8 ~]# df -ThFilesystem                Type      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted ondevtmpfs                  devtmpfs  884M     0  884M   0% /devtmpfs                     tmpfs     901M     0  901M   0% /dev/shmtmpfs                     tmpfs     901M  8.7M  892M   1% /runtmpfs                     tmpfs     901M     0  901M   0% /sys/fs/cgroup/dev/sda2                 xfs       100G  2.1G   98G   3% //dev/sda3                 xfs        50G  390M   50G   1% /data/dev/sda1                 ext4      976M  135M  775M  15% /boottmpfs                     tmpfs     181M     0  181M   0% /run/user/0/dev/mapper/testvg-testlv ext4      6.9G   23M  6.5G   1% /users[root@centos8 ~]# ll -a /users/archlinux/total 28drwx------ 3 archlinux archlinux 4096 Dec  6 19:57 .drwxr-xr-x 4 root      root      4096 Dec  6 19:56 ..-rw------- 1 archlinux archlinux   93 Dec  6 19:57 .bash_history-rw-r--r-- 1 archlinux archlinux   18 Nov  9  2019 .bash_logout-rw-r--r-- 1 archlinux archlinux  141 Nov  9  2019 .bash_profile-rw-r--r-- 1 archlinux archlinux  312 Nov  9  2019 .bashrcdrwxr-xr-x 2 archlinux archlinux 4096 Dec  6 19:56 pam.d#数据还在

[root@centos8 ~]# umount /dev/testvg/testlv #取消挂载[root@centos8 ~]# fsck -f /dev/testvg/testlv #检查文件系统fsck from util-linux 2.32.1e2fsck 1.45.4 (23-Sep-2019)Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizesPass 2: Checking directory structurePass 3: Checking directory connectivityPass 4: Checking reference countsPass 5: Checking group summary information/dev/mapper/testvg-testlv: 40/458752 files (0.0% non-contiguous), 50972/1835008 blocks[root@centos8 ~]# resize2fs /dev/testvg/testlv 3G#缩减文件系统resize2fs 1.45.4 (23-Sep-2019)Resizing the filesystem on /dev/testvg/testlv to 786432 (4k) blocks.The filesystem on /dev/testvg/testlv is now 786432 (4k) blocks long. [root@centos8 ~]# lvreduce -L 3G /dev/testvg/testlv #缩减逻辑卷  WARNING: Reducing active logical volume to 3.00 GiB.  THIS MAY DESTROY YOUR DATA (filesystem etc.)Do you really want to reduce testvg/testlv? [y/n]: y  Size of logical volume testvg/testlv changed from 7.00 GiB (448 extents) to 3.00 GiB (192 extents).  Logical volume testvg/testlv successfully resized.[root@centos8 ~]# mount /dev/testvg/testlv /users/#挂载逻辑卷[root@centos8 ~]# df -ThFilesystem                Type      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted ondevtmpfs                  devtmpfs  884M     0  884M   0% /devtmpfs                     tmpfs     901M     0  901M   0% /dev/shmtmpfs                     tmpfs     901M  8.7M  892M   1% /runtmpfs                     tmpfs     901M     0  901M   0% /sys/fs/cgroup/dev/sda2                 xfs       100G  2.1G   98G   3% //dev/sda3                 xfs        50G  390M   50G   1% /data/dev/sda1                 ext4      976M  135M  775M  15% /boottmpfs                     tmpfs     181M     0  181M   0% /run/user/0/dev/mapper/testvg-testlv ext4      2.9G   16M  2.8G   1% /users#现在已经缩减至3G[root@centos8 ~]# ll -a /users/archlinux/total 28drwx------ 3 archlinux archlinux 4096 Dec  6 19:57 .drwxr-xr-x 4 root      root      4096 Dec  6 19:56 ..-rw------- 1 archlinux archlinux   93 Dec  6 19:57 .bash_history-rw-r--r-- 1 archlinux archlinux   18 Nov  9  2019 .bash_logout-rw-r--r-- 1 archlinux archlinux  141 Nov  9  2019 .bash_profile-rw-r--r-- 1 archlinux archlinux  312 Nov  9  2019 .bashrcdrwxr-xr-x 2 archlinux archlinux 4096 Dec  6 19:56 pam.d#数据还在

[root@centos8 ~]# lvs  LV     VG     Attr       LSize Pool Origin Data%  Meta%  Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert  testlv testvg -wi-ao---- 3.00g #逻辑卷还有未使用空间[root@centos8 ~]# lvcreate -s -L 1G -n testlv-snapshot -p r /dev/testvg/testlv   Logical volume "testlv-snapshot" created.[root@centos8 ~]# lvs  LV              VG     Attr       LSize Pool Origin Data%  Meta%  Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert  testlv          testvg owi-aos--- 3.00g                                                      testlv-snapshot testvg sri-a-s--- 1.00g      testlv 0.01  [root@centos8 ~]# lvdisplay   --- Logical volume ---  LV Path                /dev/testvg/testlv  LV Name                testlv  VG Name                testvg  LV UUID                aPZyRk-7n9N-P7ol-ZwJv-2LHI-aOm2-8tED5j  LV Write Access        read/write  LV Creation host, time centos8.neteagles.cn, 2020-12-06 19:54:00 +0800  LV snapshot status     source of                         testlv-snapshot [active]  LV Status              available  # open                 1  LV Size                3.00 GiB  Current LE             192  Segments               1  Allocation             inherit  Read ahead sectors     auto  - currently set to     8192  Block device           253:0  --- Logical volume ---  LV Path                /dev/testvg/testlv-snapshot  LV Name                testlv-snapshot  VG Name                testvg  LV UUID                PvdE7T-kJCO-ogxX-bjZ3-jRbT-SwVn-z9KqJ9  LV Write Access        read only  LV Creation host, time centos8.neteagles.cn, 2020-12-06 20:12:33 +0800  LV snapshot status     active destination for testlv  LV Status              available  # open                 0  LV Size                3.00 GiB  Current LE             192  COW-table size         1.00 GiB  COW-table LE           64  Allocated to snapshot  0.01%  Snapshot chunk size    4.00 KiB  Segments               1  Allocation             inherit  Read ahead sectors     auto  - currently set to     8192  Block device           253:3[root@centos8 ~]# mkdir /mnt/testlv-snapshot[root@centos8 ~]# mount /dev/testvg/testlv-snapshot /mnt/testlv-snapshot/mount: /mnt/testlv-snapshot: WARNING: device write-protected, mounted read-only.[root@centos8 ~]# ls /mnt/testlv-snapshot/archlinux  lost+found[root@centos8 ~]# ls /users/archlinux  lost+found[root@centos8 ~]# ls /users/archlinux/pam.d[root@centos8 ~]# rm -rf /users/archlinux/pam.d/#删除逻辑卷中的牡蛎[root@centos8 ~]# ls /users/archlinux/#逻辑卷中已经没有了[root@centos8 ~]# ls /mnt/testlv-snapshot/archlinux/pam.d#快照中还在[root@centos8 ~]# rm -rf /mnt/testlv-snapshot/archlinux/pam.d/rm: cannot remove '/mnt/testlv-snapshot/archlinux/pam.d/runuser': Read-only file systemrm: cannot remove '/mnt/testlv-snapshot/archlinux/pam.d/polkit-1': Read-only file systemrm: cannot remove '/mnt/testlv-snapshot/archlinux/pam.d/systemd-user': Read-only file systemrm: cannot remove '/mnt/testlv-snapshot/archlinux/pam.d/passwd': Read-only file systemrm: cannot remove '/mnt/testlv-snapshot/archlinux/pam.d/password-auth': Read-only file systemrm: cannot remove '/mnt/testlv-snapshot/archlinux/pam.d/vmtoolsd': Read-only file systemrm: cannot remove '/mnt/testlv-snapshot/archlinux/pam.d/system-auth': Read-only file systemrm: cannot remove '/mnt/testlv-snapshot/archlinux/pam.d/vlock': Read-only file systemrm: cannot remove '/mnt/testlv-snapshot/archlinux/pam.d/runuser-l': Read-only file systemrm: cannot remove '/mnt/testlv-snapshot/archlinux/pam.d/sssd-shadowutils': Read-only file systemrm: cannot remove '/mnt/testlv-snapshot/archlinux/pam.d/su': Read-only file systemrm: cannot remove '/mnt/testlv-snapshot/archlinux/pam.d/postlogin': Read-only file systemrm: cannot remove '/mnt/testlv-snapshot/archlinux/pam.d/remote': Read-only file systemrm: cannot remove '/mnt/testlv-snapshot/archlinux/pam.d/sudo-i': Read-only file systemrm: cannot remove '/mnt/testlv-snapshot/archlinux/pam.d/fingerprint-auth': Read-only file systemrm: cannot remove '/mnt/testlv-snapshot/archlinux/pam.d/sshd': Read-only file systemrm: cannot remove '/mnt/testlv-snapshot/archlinux/pam.d/config-util': Read-only file systemrm: cannot remove '/mnt/testlv-snapshot/archlinux/pam.d/su-l': Read-only file systemrm: cannot remove '/mnt/testlv-snapshot/archlinux/pam.d/smartcard-auth': Read-only file systemrm: cannot remove '/mnt/testlv-snapshot/archlinux/pam.d/sudo': Read-only file systemrm: cannot remove '/mnt/testlv-snapshot/archlinux/pam.d/other': Read-only file systemrm: cannot remove '/mnt/testlv-snapshot/archlinux/pam.d/login': Read-only file systemrm: cannot remove '/mnt/testlv-snapshot/archlinux/pam.d/crond': Read-only file system#快照中的文件不能删除[root@centos8 ~]# umount /dev/testvg/testlv#取消挂载逻辑卷[root@centos8 ~]# umount /mnt/testlv-snapshot/#取消挂载快照[root@centos8 ~]# lvs  LV              VG     Attr       LSize Pool Origin Data%  Meta%  Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert  testlv          testvg owi-a-s--- 3.00g                                                      testlv-snapshot testvg sri-a-s--- 1.00g      testlv 0.01                                   [root@centos8 ~]# lvconvert --merge /dev/testvg/testlv-snapshot #合并快照  Merging of volume testvg/testlv-snapshot started.  testvg/testlv: Merged: 100.00%[root@centos8 ~]# lvs  LV     VG     Attr       LSize Pool Origin Data%  Meta%  Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert  testlv testvg -wi-a----- 3.00g  #快照只是一次性的，还原过后就没有了[root@centos8 ~]# mount /dev/testvg/testlv /users/#挂载逻辑卷[root@centos8 ~]# ll /users/total 20drwx------ 3 archlinux archlinux  4096 Dec  6 19:57 archlinuxdrwx------ 2 root      root      16384 Dec  6 19:54 lost+found[root@centos8 ~]# ll /users/archlinux/total 4drwxr-xr-x 2 archlinux archlinux 4096 Dec  6 19:56 pam.d#还原成做快照时的文件了

[root@centos8 ~]# lvs  LV     VG     Attr       LSize Pool Origin Data%  Meta%  Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert  testlv testvg -wi-ao---- 3.00g                                                    [root@centos8 ~]# umount /dev/testvg/testlv #取消逻辑卷挂载[root@centos8 ~]# lvremove /dev/testvg/testlv #删除逻辑卷Do you really want to remove active logical volume testvg/testlv? [y/n]: y  Logical volume "testlv" successfully removed[root@centos8 ~]# lvs[root@centos8 ~]# vgs  VG     #PV #LV #SN Attr   VSize   VFree    testvg   2   0   0 wz--n- <19.97g <19.97g[root@centos8 ~]# vgremove testvg#删除卷组  Volume group "testvg" successfully removed[root@centos8 ~]# vgs[root@centos8 ~]# pvs  PV         VG Fmt  Attr PSize  PFree   /dev/sdb      lvm2 ---  15.00g 15.00g  /dev/sdc      lvm2 ---   5.00g  5.00g[root@centos8 ~]# pvremove /dev/sd{b,c}#删除逻辑卷  Labels on physical volume "/dev/sdb" successfully wiped.  Labels on physical volume "/dev/sdc" successfully wiped.[root@centos8 ~]# pvs[root@centos8 ~]# lvblk-bash: lvblk: command not found[root@centos8 ~]# lsblkNAME   MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTsda      8:0    0  200G  0 disk ├─sda1   8:1    0    1G  0 part /boot├─sda2   8:2    0  100G  0 part /├─sda3   8:3    0   50G  0 part /data├─sda4   8:4    0    1K  0 part └─sda5   8:5    0    4G  0 part [SWAP]sdb      8:16   0   15G  0 disk sdc      8:32   0    5G  0 disk sr0     11:0    1  7.7G  0 rom